Requirements

Requirements for a new calculation model to evaluate SPF from lab measurements
The requirements on a new calculation model differs defpending on the aim of the model. In general, three different uses can be identified: Based on lab data understand the consequences of technology choice in comparison with competing heating technologies To understand the consequences of correct sizing of the heat pump To make a correct dimensioning of the heat pump in a specific house
It should also be possible to study three modes of operation, DHW production, heating or combined DHW production and heating.
Based on the models, it should be possible to make comparisons of e.g. LCC and environmental performance of different syste

It should

It should be possible to decide the energy demand of the house in the model, either by given reference loads, or by choosing a specific energy demand of the house. This should be separated into space heating and domestic hot water.  When the model itself calculates the losses of the house it can be misleading and not sufficient for the actual house. This can be one boundary of the project. Alternatively, typical houses are used in typical climates, both preset in the model.
 To take into account for the climate at the installation, generally accepted spot climate data, for example Meteonorm data [9], Should be a part of the model.

The dynamics

The dynamics of the house can be a part of the model. The perceived temperature of the house is not fully consistent with the actual outdoor temperature. At colder temperature dips of for example -15°C, the house will not experience the real outdoor temperature, but experiences a temperature of -12°C instead (due to internal heat gains). Even the irradiance of the sun differs between the seasons (and different spots). The energy demand of the house is affected from those variances over the year, why it might be an idea to calculate the SPF over monthly periods. Also the use of a fictive outdoor temperature would be an alternative. The climate data can be adjusted (flattened out) depending on a number of inputs, but a temperature dip is still needed in order to make a proper effect dimensioning (this is dimensioning the entire system such as deep wells etc.). In a serious effort to evaluate dynamics, other factors have to e incorporated in a model, such as form factor, impact of building weight, window area compared to wall area, placement of windows, etc., which make such a model very complex.
 
 For ground source heat pumps, the temperature of the ground is varying during the year. The model should include a correction for this. This could be expressed as a function where the ground source temperature is a function of the outdoor temperature over the year.
 The model should contain a radiator heat curve where requisite supply temperature is calculated, an example of this can be found in the thesis of Fredri

Extensive Mold Growth

Extensive Mold Growth
If the preliminary determination indicates extensive mold
growth that is visible, hidden or suspected as a result of
a chronic or lingering moisture problem, it is highly
recommended that the extent of microbial growth or
Condition (1-3) to which areas of the HVAC system are
mold-contaminated be determined. It is highly
recommended that this determination be made by a
thorough assessment performed by an IEP before
starting remediation. However, in some circumstances
where Condition 3 contamination has been determined
and the entire HVAC system is located within the
contaminated area, or when the scope of work can be
determined without sampling, testing or independent IEP
inspection, then engagement of an IEP during the
preliminary determination process may not be
necessary. Further, some loss mitigation services (e.g.,
water damage restoration) may be initiated before or
while assessing conditions and/or remediation
processes (See IICRC S520

Preliminary Determination for Mold

Preliminary Determination for Mold
After the initial HVAC system component inspection, a
preliminary determination must be made by the person
performing the inspection regarding potential mold
contamination. Making a determination involves the
collection, analysis and summary of information to
identify areas of moisture accumulation and potential
mold growth. A preliminary determination may indicate
the need for further assessment by an IEP and/or other
appropriate professionals (See IICRC S520).
3.3.2 Surface Mold Growth
If the preliminary determination indicates a small,
isolated area of mold growth on a surface layer of
condensation on painted walls or non-porous surfaces,
and mold growth has not occurred in concealed areas,
the use of an IEP generally is not necessary and the
mold usually can be removed as part of a regular HVAC
maintenance program (See IICRC S520).

Supply Duct Inspections

Supply Duct Inspections
The supply duct cleanliness inspection should consider a
representative portion of supply system components
including, but not limited to, supply ducts, controls,
mixing/ control boxes, reheat coils and other internal
components.
3.2.3 Return Duct Inspections
The return duct cleanliness inspection should consider a
representative portion of return system components
including, but not limited to, return ducts, dampers,
return plenums, make-up air plenums and grilles.
3.3 Inspecting for Mold Contamination
It is highly recommended the HVAC system cleanliness
inspection include a preliminary determination of the
level of mold contamination (Condition 1, 2 or 3) and
other biological activity. The inspection should evaluate
the air-handling unit, humidifier and other representative
system components.
HVAC systems should be inspected at least twice
annually when they include supplemental humidification
or when they are located within a hot and humid climate

HVAC Cleanliness Inspection Schedule

HVAC Cleanliness Inspection Schedule
HVAC systems should be routinely inspected for
cleanliness by visual means. Table 1 provides a
recommended inspection schedule for major HVAC
components within different building use classifications.
The inspection intervals specified in Table 1 are
minimum recommendations. The need for more frequent
cleanliness inspections is subject to numerous
environmental, mechanical and human factors.
Geographic regions with climates having higher
humidity, for example, will warrant HVAC system
inspections on a more frequent basis, due to the
increased potential for microbial amplification.
If the inspection of an HVAC unit’s air-handling
components reveals contamination, then supply and
return ductwork must be inspected during that same
inspection time rather than in accordance with the
intervals specified in Table 1

The cleanliness inspection

The cleanliness inspection should include air-handling
units and representative areas of the HVAC system
components and ductwork. In HVAC systems that
include multiple air-handling units, a representative
sample of the units should be inspected. If the
inspection is being conducted as part of a mold
remediation project in accordance with IICRC Standard
S520, then all components of the HVAC system must be
inspected.
The cleanliness inspection must be conducted without
negatively impacting the indoor environment through
excessive disruption of settled dust, microbial
amplification or other debris. In cases where mold
contamination is suspected, and/or in sensitive
environments where even small amounts of contaminant
may be of concern, environmental engineering control
measures must be implemented and the services of an
Indoor Environmental Professional (IEP) are highly
recommended to determine the overall impact on the
indoor environment.

Surface Treatment

Surface Treatment (non-antimicrobial): Coating or
treatment designed to repair surface defects or modify
surface characteristics
TVOC: Total volatile organic compounds.
Thermal Acoustic Materials: HVAC insulation materials
designed for sound and temperature control.
UL: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Vacuum Collection Equipment: See “Collection Device.”
Visibly Clean: A condition in which the interior surfaces
of the HVAC system are free of non-adhered substances
and debris.
Visual Inspection: Visual examination with the naked eye
of the cleanliness of the HVAC system.
Wet Process Cleaning: Any method of mechanical
cleaning of HVAC components that utilizes water and/or
liquid chemicals as part of the process (i.e. power
washing, steam cleaning, hand washing)

Service Panel

Service Panel: Fabricated piece of metal making up a
part of the structural shell of a piece of mechanical
equipment. Often allows for entry to service equipment.
Shall: (See “Must”)
Shiplap Tool: Specialized cutting tool for fabricating
fibrous glass board.
Should: Indicates a recommendation, or that which is
advised by this standard, but is not mandatory (See
“Highly Recommended”).
Sleeve Collar: Fabricated door frame extension used to
install typical surface-mount access doors in fibrous
glass ductboard.
SMACNA: Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’
National Association.
Source Removal: See “Mechanical Cleaning.”
Stain: A remaining discoloration on the HVAC system
surface after contact vacuuming, which cannot be
removed.

Strength Test data

Strength Test data from EN 14511 can be used in the calculations. The model provides default values to recalculate the test points to fit the part load of the heat pump for the different kinds of heat pumps (fixed capacity, staged capacity och variable capacity). The capacity and corresponding COP values are then interpolated between the temperature bins. However, the accurateness of the recalculation is unknown.  
The model itself has suggested test points with a radiator curve (supply temperature) that is adjusted to the outdoor temperature. At colder outdoor temperatures the supply temperature is higher and at warmer outdoor temperatures the supply temperatures are lower

Risk There

Risk There is a present danger of doing mistakes when using the model. The large amount of data that is taken into account will probably result in much estimation that will differ from case to case and will therefore result in incomparable outcome of the model. Also the same heat pump installation can probably give different results depending on the way it is calculated, (choosing method, input, accuracy and test points).

eakness The strengths

Weakness The strengths of this model could also turn out to be its weaknesses. The wideness of the model makes it complicated and twisty. There are too many aspects that are taken into account in the calculations. The standard refers to several other standards for calculations of losses and needs. The model requires large knowledge of the house.
The fact that default values can be used to calculate the operation in part load for the heat pumps can result in lower accurateness of the model.  
The model does not treat operation in cooling mode

Strength This model

Strength This model is very wide and thorough in its content. It treats both room heating and tap water production. The model is adaptable to different climates and the resolution of the temperature bins can be chosen.  
The model specifies the requirements and losses of the certain house and defines recoverable respectively unrecoverable energy.  
It is not necessary to test the heat pump at the part loads, since there are default values that can be used.  
The model can be used to calculate the SPF for the entire system with the building included or only for the heat pump

Risk The performance

Risk The performance of water/water heat pumps can be overestimated, especially at the cold climate, since they are only tested at +10°C at the cold side (in reality the ground water temperature can be lower than this). This can also be the case for other ground source heat pumps.  
The degradation coefficient Cc might be a disadvantage for a ground source heat pump when default values are used. Cc =0.9 is a larger degradation of GSHP’s than what is shown in reality. There is a risk that the requirement of having heat pumps tested in part load might lead to extensive laboratory tests, which is costly. It is also difficult to get sufficient data from existing laboratory tests, since few heat pumps are tested in part loads

Possibility

Possibility The model could be developed so that it would be possible to decide the energy demand of the house. It could also be a possibility to fit the model to your own climate. Maybe the ground water temperature and thereby the bore hole temperature could be climate depending.  It should be obvious how interpolations or extrapolations of capacity and/or COP should be performed to avoid differences between user

It is also

It is also not completely transparent since it describes (ANNEX C) the reference heating/cooling demand and the number of hours in each operational mode (active mode, thermostat off mode, standby and crankcase heater mode) is decided from weighted climate, type of building, internal gains, set back setting and so on, but there is no reference that describes the calculations. Therefore it is not possible to recalculate the hours to fit specific needs. The climate hours that describes the temperature bins does not seem to be adjusted in any ways since it is the same hours that is used in Ecodesign LOT 1.  

Specific

Specific information on these components follows:
1. Vibration damping material is frequently specified for use on light-gage
rectangular sheet metal ductwork in order to minimize “ringing” of the metal. This
damping material is available in the form of sheets of self-adhesive mastic or in a
paste form for spraying or troweling onto the duct. This material stiffens the sheet
metal and renders it less susceptible to excitation. Generally, the need for
vibration damping material is greatest with large rectangular ducts and becomes
less with round or small rectangular ducts. Examples of vibration damping material include Kinetics Model KDD (self-adhesive mastic sheets) and Kinetics
Model KDC-E-162 (semi-liquid sprayable paste)

Expansion Valve System-Subcooling

Expansion Valve System-Subcooling Charge Method
1. Fully open both base valves.
2. Connect service gauge manifold to base-valve service
parts making sure lines are purged. Run system at least
10 minutes to allow pressure to stabilize.
3. Temporarily install the thermometer to liquid (small) line
near condensing unit. Be sure that the contact between
thermometer and line is good. Wrap thermometer with
insulating material to ensure accurate reading.
4. Referring to the Saturated Liquid Line Temperature Table,
adjust charge to obtain a temperature 12-15°F below the
saturated liquid temperature.
Example:
If liquid pressure is 260 psig refer to Saturated Liquid
Temperature chart, 260 psig = 120° saturated temperature.
Subtract liquid line temperature obtained from thermostat
connect to liquid line. The liquid line temperature must be
12° -15° cooler than the refrigeration saturation temperature

Temperature Rise Heat Pump Only Method

Temperature Rise Heat Pump Only Method
The Temperature Rise Resistive Heat Method can be used to
determine the heating capacity of the heat pump system in
the heat pump "only" mode. The results obtained using this
method should agree within 10% of the data published in the
Specification Sheets for the combination of indoor and outdoor
section.
NOTE: When using the following procedure to determine the
system's capacity, make sure that the indoor section's backup
heat source is de-energized.
1. Use the same procedure described in the Temperature
Rise Resistive Heat Method to determine the system's
CFM and temperature rise across the indoor section.
2. Determine the BTU output of the system for the measured
Temperature Rise and system CFM by using the following
formula

Superheat Method

Superheat Method
The following information has been developed to determine the
proper charge for Goodman Heat Pump Systems that are
already in operation.
NOTE: Many field variations exist which may affect the
operating temperature and pressure readings of a heat pump
system. All Goodman Heat Pump Systems utilize fixed orifice
refrigerant control devices. The following procedure has been
developed for this type of refrigerant control device.
1. With both base valves fully open, connect a set of service
gages to the base valves' service port, being careful to
purge the lines.
2. Allow the system to operate at least 10 minutes or until
the pressures stabilize.
3. Temporarily install a thermometer on the suction (large)
line near the condensing unit's base valve. Make sure
that there is good contact between the thermometer and
the refrigerant line and wrap the thermometer and line
with insulating tape to assure accurate readings.

Airflow Determination - Indoor Coil

Airflow Determination - Indoor Coil
The heat pump system has been designed for optimum
performance with an airflow across the indoor coil equaling
approximately 400 CFM/TON e.g. A 2 TON system should
have 2 x 400 CFM/TON = 800 CFM. The systems airflow
can be determined by several methods.
Airflow Test Instruments
There are a number of readily available instruments that can
be used in the field for airflow determination such as
Barometers, Volume-Aire Air Balancers, Anemometers, and
Velometers. When using these devices it is important to follow
the manufacture's instructions provided with them.
Temperature Rise Resistive Heat Method
Although this method is not as accurate as the use of test
equipment, a method of determining the indoor airflow in a
system employing electric resistance heat as the backup heat
source is by the Temperature

Condenser Motor

Condenser Motor
This is activated by the contactor during heating and cooling
except during defrost and emergency heat operation.
Compressor
This is activated by the contactor for heating and cooling
except during emergency heat. It is protected by an internal
overload.
Defrost Control
This provides time/temperature initiation and termination of
the defrost cycle.
Loss of Charge Protector
If the system loses refrigerant charge, the control will open
to allow the compressor contactor to open.

Line Set Installation Instructions

Line Set Installation Instructions
Use the following instructions to install line sets:
1. Tubing should be cut square. Make sure it is round and
free of burrs at the connecting ends. Clean the tubing to
prevent contaminants from entering the system.
2. Wrap a wet rag around the copper valve stub before
brazing.
3. Braze or silver solder the joint.
4. After brazing, quench with a wet rag to cool the joint.
Evacuate and charge the connecting lines as outlined in
these instructions.
5. Remove valve top cap. It is important to keep the cap in
a clean area to assure proper sealing once replaced.
6. Using a standard L shaped Allen wrench, break open the
valve body. To expedite opening the valve body after it
is broken, use a ratchet wrench with a short Allen stub.
Please note that it is normal to see oil on the valve stem
body once the cap is removed.
7. Replace the valve cap and tighten with a wrench making
sure that the the cap is sealed.

Turn cooling temperature

Turn cooling temperature setting as high as it will go.
3. Inspect all registers and set them to the normal open
position.
4. Turn on the unit's electrical supply at the fused disconnect
switch, both for the indoor unit and the outdoor unit.
5. Turn the fan switch to the "ON" position. The blower
should operate 10 to 15 seconds later.
6. Turn the fan switch to the "AUTO" position. The blower
should stop 90 seconds later.
NOTE: If outdoor temperature is below 55°F, proceed to
step 9. Do not check out in the cooling mode.
7. Slowly lower the cooling temperature until the first mercury
bulb makes contact. The compressor, indoor blower, and
outdoor fan should now be running. Make sure cool air is
supplied by the unit.
8. Turn system switch to "HEAT" and fan switch to "AUTO".
9. Slowly raise the heating temperature setting. After the
heating first-stage mercury bulb (upper) makes contact,
stop moving the lever. The compressor, indoor blower
and outdoor fan should now be running. After giving the
unit time to settle out, make sure heated air is being
supplied by the indoor unit.
10. If the outdoor ambient is above 70°F, the compressor
may trip on internal overload.
11. In the event that the outdoor ambient is too high to allow
a thorough heating cycle check, postpone the test until
another day when conditions are more suitable...but —
DO NOT FAIL TO TEST.

HEAT PUMP - HEATING CYCLE

HEAT PUMP - HEATING CYCLE
As in the cooling mode, the proper method of insuring that
the system is properly charge is by weight with the additional
charge adjustments for line size, line length, and other system
components as previously indicated.
Hot Gas Method
The following procedure can be employed as a method to check
for system charge in the heating mode by measuring the hot
discharge gas at the compressor.
1. Allow the system to operate at least 20 minutes.
2. Attach and insulate an electronic thermometer's probe
to the vapor service valve (large line) at the base valve.
NOTE - Make sure that the probe is well insulated from
the outdoor air.
3. Allow the system to operate at least 10 minutes.
Afterwards, use an accurate electronic thermometer to
measure the temperature of the discharge gas at the
probe.
4. Using the electronic thermostat, measure the outdoor
ambient temperature.
5. For check purposes the temperature measured on the
hot gas line should be equal to the outdoor ambient
temperature plus 110°F (+ or-4°F). e.g: Outdoor Ambient
45°F then the temperature measured by the
thermometer's probe should be 155°F for a system that
is properly charged. If the temperature measured by the
thermometer's probe is higher than the outdoor ambient
plus 110°F, the system charge should be adjusted by
adding refrigerant to lower the temperature. If the
temperature measured is lower than the outdoor ambient
plus 110°F, the system charge should be adjusted by
recovering charge to raise the temperature

The simplest

The simplest and most effective treatment method for the control of pipe and duct
breakout noise is to wrap the piping and ductwork with acoustical cladding. This
acoustical material consists of three (3) components:
1. Vibration damping material (for sheet metal)
2. Light density decoupling material
3. Acoustical barrier overwrap

It is important

It is important to note that there are two (2) different types of piping and ductwork
noise that are typically encountered. Breakout noise is noise that radiates radially out
away from the pipe or duct. Breakout noise is caused by the wall of the pipe or duct
vibrating due to the fluid passage within. Stream noise is noise carried along with the
fluid as it flows down the pipe or duct. This noise is most apparent at outlet grills or
registers in ducting systems. Stream noise must be controlled via the introduction of
silencers, attenuators, turning vanes and similar into the air path within the ductwork
which serve to minimize air turbulence. This paper will not discuss the control of
stream noise.

PIPING AND DUCTWOR

PIPING AND DUCTWORK ACOUSTICAL LAGGING
Noise radiating from piping and ductwork can be a serious problem in modern
building construction. Turbulent flow piping noise can be caused by water or other
liquids passing through elbows, valves or other transition pieces. Duct noise is
caused by air flowing past obstructions or branches which results in the vibration of
the metal ductwork. This vibration then radiates noise into the building.

Current building

Current building construction materials cause piping and ductwork noise to be more
of a concern today than in the past. Lightweight PVC plastic pipe is commonly used
to replace cast iron, copper or mild steel tubing. Sheet metal ducting becomes
thinner and lighter in weight so as to minimize the initial material cost. These light
construction materials are more easily set into motion due to air and fluid flow, with
the result being an increase in client concerns and complaints directed towards
noise. These problems are particularly an issue in multi-family residential
construction since piping which serves adjacent living space

THE DUCT SYSTEM,

THE DUCT SYSTEM, used in air heating and air cooling your home,
is a collection of tubes that distributes the heated or cooled air to
the various rooms. This system can make a big difference in both
the cost and the effectiveness of heating and cooling the home.
The duct system can have an important effect on health of
the occupants through the distribution of indoor air pollution.
Changes and repairs to a duct system should always be performed
by a qualified professional.