PREVENTION

PREVENTION of duct contamination is KEY to avoiding problems Follow these recommendations to avoid the need for costly duct cleaning: • Perform routine preventive maintenance of HVAC systems, by complying with manufacturer schedules for changing HVAC filters and cleaning coils and other components. • During building renovation, seal ductwork to prevent construction dust and debris from entering the HVAC system. • New ductwork frequently contains oil and debris. Before new ductwork is connected to the air handling system, it should be inspected for cleanliness and cleaned if necessary. • Maintain good housekeeping in occupied spaces. • Ensure that air intakes are located away from contaminant sources. • Consider routine inspections of ductwork. The National Air Duct Cleaning Association (NADCA)’s standard, “Assessment, Cleaning and Restoration of HVAC Systems – ACR 2006,” recommends that HVAC systems be visually inspected for cleanliness at regular intervals, depending on the building use. For healthcare facilities, the standard recommends annual inspections of air handling units, as well as supply and return ductwork

Operatives to rinse

Operatives to rinse off surface of canopy with clean water and polish dry using clean cloths, if necessary use stainless steel polish.
8  On completion of cleaning, operatives to dispose of all waste chemicals and materials on site. Remove all cleaning equipment, chemicals and signage to company vehicle.
9  Operatives are not to leave the site until authorised by Supervisor.
This Method Statement to be used only to underpin a Full Site Specific Method Statement
Ventilated Ceiling & Removable Ceiling Tile Cleaning
1  Operatives to check all PPE, cleaning equipment and chemicals required for the task. Refer to COSHH assessments supplied for chemicals being used. Operatives to set out all ‘Caution/Warning’ signage required prior to work commencing.
2  Operatives to check that any ceiling mounted, vent-axia type fans are turned off and controls isolated.
3  Operatives to secure the work area. Check client has arranged for gas and electric of equipment below is turned off. Ensure client has arranged for all gas pilot lights to be extinguished. Ensure all controls are isolated including air handling equipmen

Cleaning High Level

Cleaning High Level Ducting & Pipes
1  Operatives to check all PPE, cleaning equipment and chemicals required for the task. Refer to COSHH assessments supplied for chemicals being used. Operatives to set out all ‘Caution/Warning’ signage required and cordon off cleaning area prior to work commencing.
2  Operatives will erect ladders at the correct angle of 1:4 (75º). If working between 2 - 6 metres in height ladders must be footed or an approved ladder stopper or stabiliser used. If working between 6 -9 metres in height ladders must be fitted with approved top and bottom stabilisers unless there is a ladder tie system in place in which case the ladders must be tied off.
3  Operatives will wear a tool belt and ensure that all hand tools are secured to the belt via a lanyard.
4  Operatives will climb ladders using both hands at all times. Do not climb above 4 rungs from the top.
5  Operatives to commence cleaning, keeping one hand on the ladder at all times. Operatives are warned not to over reach or stretch when working on ladders.

Duct Moisture

Duct Moisture • The presence of moisture in air conditioning ducts is common since the air leaving the air conditioner evaporator is saturated. In Florida, air conditioning is used most of the year providing little time for ducts to dry out. • High moisture in ducts can cake dirt and provide an environment for mold to grow. This situation leads to serious indoor air contamination problems. Cleaning Air Conditioning Ductwork Through neglect, or sometimes normal use over long periods of time, air handling ducts in homes accumulate dirt and molds and bacteria begin to grow. Often the situation is identified when family members begin to experience allergic symptoms. The house has become "sick." Can the ducts in a "sick-house" be restored to a safe level? The question of how to restore contaminated air supply systems is becoming an urgent one. This

WHEN TO TEST

WHEN TO TEST Duct testing is strongly recommended when a new heating and/or air conditioning unit is being installed. If the existing duct system is leaky and inefficient before the new unit is installed, it will still be leaky and inefficient after the new unit is installed—unless the ducts are tested and sealed by a qualified contractor. It does not make sense to install a new, energy-efficient heating and/or air conditioning unit unless the duct system is also energy efficient. Duct testing is also recommended when a diagnostic tune-up is performed on a heating and air conditioning unit. A diagnostic tune-up can improve the operating efficiency of the heating or air conditioning unit itself, but the overall efficiency will still be less than adequate if the duct system is not in good condition. A duct test is necessary to determine leaks, needed repairs, and/or renovations. Duct testing can be performed at any time, however, whether or not new energy efficiency equipment is being installed. It is not unusual to find that sealing, repair, or renovation must be performed to complement a comprehensive HVAC installation

The construction of the two climate rooms

The construction of the two climate rooms, in which ducted units are tested according to Eurovent requirements, or EN/ISO standards, and which are close to the reverberation rooms, have been designed using a similar acoustic isolation approach to that of the reverberation rooms. The climate rooms have been designed taking into account the specific requirements and equipment installation characteristics of air conditioners and heat pumps available in the market. Acoustic tests for several types of equipment require that the rooms have windows that allow correct installation and operation of the equipments under testing. This is the case, for instance, for window-type units, and for in-duct measurements. These are hermetically sealed acoustic windows in order to maintain the required acoustic isolation for the measurement of less noisy machines, and they have a sound attenuation superior to 45 dBA.
The test facilities allow for carrying out acoustic testing of air-to-air, air-towater, water-to- air and water-to-water products with a cooling capacity of up to 50 kW, with the exception of roof top units and liquid chiller packages with remote condenser. To test these types of units, the laboratory is equipped with two air loops of 14,000 m3/h, and two water loops of 12 m3/h, with controlled flows and temperatures conditions

Ground-coupled

Ground-coupled heat pump systems for commercial/institutional buildings have now successfully been introduced in China, even in cold climate regions. Measured seasonal average COPs range from 3.1 in cold regions to 3.3 in milder regions. Few projects have been realised yet, but plans exist for new installations in metropolitan areas and for the Olympics in 2008 in Beijing. Problems encountered in China include lengthy borehole drilling and installation processes, lack of suitable water-source heat pump products and limited availability of appropriate equipment and qualified installation personnel.
As for Europe, ground-coupled heat pumps are mainly applied as heatingonly systems. Heat source systems include bedrock, ground, sea and lake water, groundwater, combinations of these sources and ventilation air. Figure 24 shows countries with significant sales of ground-coupled heat pumps (the first number represents million of inhabitants, the second number the heat pump sales per

It is frequently argued

It is frequently argued that the refrigerants used in heat pumps today are safe and that their impact on the environment during the equipment life cycle is negligible. That may be true and significant as well, but the fact remains that a much better job can be done. There is significant scope for improved performance and initial cost reduction. Both will lead to a better environment and decreased energy consumption.
Worldwide, approximately 100 million heat pumps are now installed. Their total annual thermal output is around 1,300 TWh. This represents an annual equivalent CO2 emission reduction of 0.13 Gt (0.6%), against the backdrop of an annual global emission of CO2 of more than 22 Gt. However, the current reduction potential of heat pumps is 6% of global CO2 emission, and improved technology could increase this to 16% in future

The International Institute

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) has announced that Dr. William Phillips of NIST, winner of the Nobel Prize for his work in low temperature physics, will speak at its 21st International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2003) to be held in Washington D.C. August 17 to 22, 2003. The congress, which is held every four years, was last held in the U.S. in 1971. Recent congresses were held in Vienna (1987), Montreal (1991), The Hague (1995), and Sydney (1999). Under the 21st congress theme “Serving the needs of mankind”, special attention will be devoted to issues such as global warming, food quality and safety, preservation of human tissues, research on low temperature material properties for energy efficiency, building energy management, indoor environmental control, and development of safe and effective working fluids. The program will be of interest to researchers, educators, government officials, and equipment designers, manufacturers, installers, users, and consultants. The conference will consist of prestigious plenary and keynote speakers, technical sessions for both industry and researchers, poster sessions, short courses with a professional educational focus, tours of research laboratories and industrial sites, and a cultural, social, and sightseeing program for attendees and accompanying persons. A “Call for papers” was issued in May 2002 with a request for abstracts of approximately 250 words to be submitted no later than October11, 2002. For detailed information about abstract and paper preparation, content and format requirements and assessment for publication and presentation, please visit the conference website (see below). The conference venue is the Marriott Wardman Park hotel in Washington D.C., where attendees will discover a perfect balance of landmark charm and modern sophistication in an historic setting.

Payments. TVA will pay MVP

Payments.  TVA will pay MVP by Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) or a mutually agreed upon alternative arrangement.  Payments will be based on heat pump installations successfully entered in the energy right Program data base, which have not been previously paid. • Amount of MVP—The distributor will be paid for heat pumps meeting all requirements in the energy right Program agreement according to the current payment plan (Schedule HP). MVP is based on efficiency. • Adjustment of Payment Rates—When the payment rate is adjusted, the distributor will be informed of the adjustment and its effective date. After the effective date of any adjustment in the payment rate, the distributor will have three months  to inspect and qualify any installations committed to prior to the effective date of the adjustment as evidenced by documentation confirming the date of that commitment. Payment Procedures.  Distributors apply for payment by submitting a Work Completion Form to TVA’s database.  Documentation. The distributor shall maintain files containing information for each participant in the energy right Heat Pump Plan.  At a minimum, distributor records shall include the following: • A completed Work Completion/ Form indicating the size, type, etc., of each heat pump. • A Quality Contractor Network (QCN) member invoice providing the brand, type unit, rated capacity, and serial and model numbers of the equipment installed.
Financing
If a distributor has selected financing for the Heat Pump Plan, see Article X for requirements and procedures. Financing is limited to heat pump equipment and accessories and associated weatherization as listed in the Financing Section of the Reference Materials for existing dwellings only.  At this time, there is no financing for the business application.

member is responsible

The QCN member is responsible for meeting all applicable codes pertaining to the location of boreholes and trenches. ⇒ Pipes for headers and manifolds pipes shall be at least 2 feet below the ground surface. ⇒ Pond loop installations that meet the requirements of the heat pump manufacturer are acceptable. − Horizontal Earth Coils (Excluding Header and Slinky Framework) ⇒ The average depth of any horizontal coil circuit shall be a minimum of 4 feet below the ground surface. ⇒ The average separation between earth coil trenches shall be at least 5 feet. ⇒ All entrenched piping shall be thoroughly backfilled to ensure complete soil contact with the pipe. Trenching residue consisting of a fine, granular material is suitable for backfilling. However, if large clumps of soil or rock are present, the piping must be surrounded with 4 inches of fine soil or equal. The unsuitable trench residue can then be used to fill the remainder of the trench. − Vertical Earth Coils (Excluding Headers) ⇒ Vertical boreholes shall be drilled and backfilled with grout as specified in the "Grouting Procedures for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems" by Oklahoma State University. ⇒ Vertical boreholes shall be separated at least 10 feet if bores are in a single row. For boreholes in a grid pattern, a minimum center spacing of 20 feet is required. − Piping Material and Fusing ⇒ Only polybutylene or high-density polyethylene pipe, as specified by the heat pump manufacturer, shall be used for earth coupled heat pump earth coils

Check system cooling capacity

Check system cooling capacity as follows: − Allow system to operate for at least 15 minutes − Measure water pressure drop between water-in and water-out test plugs at heat pump. (Use same instrument to measure both to reduce error). − Measure entering water temperature at water-in test plug. − Using manufacturer's performance data, determine the water flow rate (gallons per minute) and the cooling capacity of the installation using the measured pressure drop and the measured entering water temperature. − Determine cooling capacity by using the following formula:  Btuh = (h2 - h1) x 4.5 x CFM  h1 = heat content of air from Enthalpy Table corresponding to supply air wet bulb temperature.
h2 = heat content of air from Enthalpy Table corresponding to return air wet bulb temperature.
At supply air outlet and inlet indoors record wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.  
4.5 = air properties constant
CFM = Cubic feet per minute air calculated, from funnel, temperature rise, or return air method  
(From Enthalpy Table record heat content values that correspond to supply and return air wet bulb temperatures, h1 and h2, respectively)
− Verify that system capacity is + 10 percent of the equipment manufacturer's rating at the test conditions.
Direct Exchange Ground Source Heat Pump Inspection Procedures
Inspector shall verify the direct exchange ground source heat pump (DXGS) and duct system(s) adhere to installation standards. (See Installation Standards for certain sections that do not apply.) In addition, inspector shall do the following: • Verify the distances between the compressor and the ground coil and compressor to air handling blower unit as required by DXGS manufacturer.  Both vertical height and total line distance shall be within limits as specified by manufacturer.  Insure all linesets, both vapor and liquid, are insulated with rubatex, or similar insulation non-corrosive to copper. • Determine system heating capacity.  System inspection should never be conducted within 48 hours of completion of soaker hose operation, and should not be conducted within one week of completio

After the vapor

After the vapor barrier is in place and all openings lapped or taped (small tears may be repaired by taping over them with a quality duct tape), bricks, other small masonry pieces, or an equivalent material shall be used to prevent movement of the barrier. Other methods used to prevent movement of the barrier shall be submitted to TVA for approval on a case-by-case basis. Ground cover shall be used in conjunction with ventilation, not in place of it.  − In extremely damp underfloor areas where there is concern over the possibility of drying out the residence too rapidly, the vapor barrier should be installed initially to cover approximately 50 percent of the ground surface, with enough material folded back for eventual 80-percent coverage. • Vents—After determining the correct number of vents required for the particular underfloor area, vents shall be evenly distributed around the foundation to provide the best air flow over the greatest area. When only four vents are required or possible, two vents should be located on the prevailing wind side of the house and the other two on the opposite side. As with attic vents, foundation vents should remain open in winter as well as in summer to provide the necessary ventilation. However, during freezing conditions, it is advisable to temporarily close vents located next to water pipes in order to lessen the chances of water in the pipes freezing. − Vent openings shall be located as close to building corners as is practical and should provide cross-ventilation through at least two opposing foundation walls. Adequate cross-ventilation shall be provided whenever possible for all separate areas within a partitioned crawl space.  − Vent locations for proper cross-ventilation of crawl space areas shall be defined according to the “polygon method.” − First, the crawl space is sketched with the location of all existing and/or proposed vent openings shown. The vent opening locations are then connected with straight lines (which do not cross each other) to form a polygon (i.e., a multi-sided figure, such as a triangle, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, etc.). If the crawl space is partitioned, a polygon is drawn for each separate crawl space area. − If the area of the resulting polygon covers 70 percent, or more, of the crawl space area to be ventilated, then the distribution of the ventilators is adequate.  − If the area of the resulting polygon does not cover 70 percent of the crawl space area, then additional vent openings or relocation of proposed vent openings shall be required to allow a similarly drawn polygon to indicate an adequate distribution of ventilators.  − All other possible steps (such as making access doors into screened vents, enlarging existing foundation vents by removing wooden screen frames, etc.) should be taken to increase total existing net free area instead of adding more openings in foundation walls

Free-Delivery Split Heat Pump

Free-Delivery Split Heat Pump (FDSHP), Packaged Terminal Heat Pump (PTHP), Self Contained Through-The-Wall Heat Pump (SCTTWHP), and Window Heat Pump (WHP) Inspection Procedures Inspect FDSHP, PTHP, SCTTWHP, and WHP equipment and duct system(s) for adherence to Standards. The preceding inspection procedures shall apply to all FDSHP, PTHP, SCTTWHP, and WHP systems except as follows:
1) See Standards for certain sections that do not apply.
2) Air flow shall be as recommended by the manufacturer. (Major)
3) Check to see if integral auxiliary electric heat is provided by the manufacturer within the unit cabinet or fan coil section as part of the heat pump. (Major)
4) Verify that any integral auxiliary heaters are controlled by the heat pump's indoor thermostat. (Major)
5) Verify that installing Quality Heat Pump Contractor has met manufacturer's instructions for the complete installation of the system, including any recommended parts and accessories and any necessary wall/window case. (Major)
6) Inspect the joint around the unit's case (between the case and wall or window) to assure weathertight seal with caulk, seals, or gaskets, as provided by the manufacturer. (Major)

These minimum

These minimum weatherization measures shall be installed before the final inspection of the heat pump system. Installation of customer optional storm windows and floor insulation, installed in conjunction with the heat pump, must also be completed prior to the system inspection. All new weatherization measures installed must be in accordance with Reference Materials. Market Value Payments (MVP) Description. A distributor may receive an MVP which is described in the TVA Schedule Heat Pump (Section 7.7- Schedule HP). The MVP may be passed along to third parties—or may be used in another manner at the distributors’ discretion as noted in the Program Implementation Plan. The distributor may receive one MVP per dwelling/business per year. The Distributor receives the MVP based on the efficiency of the heat pump installed by a customer, provided the following conditions are met: Section 2A 01/16/2007 2 • The distributor has selected to participate in the Heat Pump Plan as described in Article III, Program Plans • The heat pump is installed in a dwelling or qualifying business. • The installation has been shown by an inspection to meet program standards.

Operation Summer

Operation Summer cycle In summer operation, the 4-way valve is activated. The circuit followed by the refrigerant is shown in the relevant diagram. Winter cycle In the winter cycle, the discharge gas goes to the indoor coil, which acts as the condenser. The outdoor coil becomes the evaporator. The 4-way valve is not activated. The circuit followed by the refrigerant is shown in the relevant diagram. Operating sequences (See relevant wiring diagrams) Summer cycle: Thermostat in COOL position 1) The 4-way valve is activated through the thermostat, permitting the refrigerant to circulate in the summer circuit. 2) If the fan operating mode in the ambient thermostat is in FAN ON, the contactor is activated and the fan functions continuously. 3) With the logic module timing, the unit will start up after 5 minutes. 4) When the thermostat contact connects, the contactor is activated and the compressor starts up. If the fan operating mode is in the normal position, the contactor is activated through the thermostat's cooling circuit and the fan starts up. 5) The unit will function intermittently in response to the

Input to the calculations

Input to the calculations The calculation of the seasonal performance (SPF or SEER) is performed using a temperature bin method where each bin represents one degree Celsius and the number of bin hours occurring at the corresponding temperature is given. The cooling season is represented by one climate that span from 17°C-40°C while the heating season is represented by three different climates: one colder, one average and one warmer, that
SCOP
Parasitic losses
SCOPon
back up heater
SCOPnet
Heat  pump
Head losses
31
span from -30°C-15°C, see Table 29 and 30 in prEN 14825:2009 draft Nov 09. Each climate corresponds to one design temperature and one design heat load of the building.
The heating/cooling demand and the number of bin hours for the different climates are determined as templates, taking different aspects into account; the climate, type of building and building characteristics, set point and set back settings and internal gains. Those aspects also decide the number of hours in which the heat pump works in active mode, thermostat off mode, standby mode, crankcase heater mode or off mode. The electricity consumptions at the different modes are determined from tests. These effects are called the parasitic losses.  

Preparing an

Preparing an IEA HPP Annex on SPF Preparations for an IEA annex on SPF have included preparatory meetings, and communication with research communities involved in the IEA HPP sphere. Meetings include a meeting during the ASHRAE winter Conference 2009 [1.1.1.1.11], NT meeting in Borås, September 2009 , and a Meeting in Paris march 5th, 2010 [2]. A draft legal text was prepared and circulated among interested parties and the executive committee in HPP. The draft legal text was discussed in the ExCo meetings in Rome, November 2009 and in Helsinki June 2010. In the Helsinki meeting it was suggested that the annex proposal for “Dynamic testing of heat pumps” should be integrated with the SPF annex. The kick-off meeting for the SPF Annex in June 30th - July 1st 2010 will discuss the possibility for this integration. The legal was just recently approved by the ExCo [3]. The preparation and starting up of the international Annex has taken much more time than expected, mainly due to constraints in timing and funding. However, on June 30 –July 1st, the kick-off meeting for the new annex is held in Albuquerque, New Mexico

Since the total loss

Since the total loss of .11 in. in the longest run is less than the .2 in. expected to be available from the air handler, all the sections of the longest run will be sized using the .05 in. /100ft loss factor.  Table 2 illustrates the procedure. The size of duct section A has been found.  For the other sections, the flow quantities for a section are found by deducting all branch quantities head of it.  The flow in duct section C is 2137– 198 = 1939.  Lengths of each section plus applicable entrance and elbow equivalent lengths are listed.  Then for section C, enter an air friction chart at 1939cfm and .05 in. /100 ft friction factor.  Read the duct velocity, 880 ft/min, and 20 inch duct diameter directly from the chart.  The remaining sections of this run are sized similarly.  Losses in each section are found from the lengths and friction factor.  The round duct sizes can be converted to equivalent rectangular sections from available charts.
© Gary D. Beckfeld  Page 14 of 21
The remaining branches, K, G, E, L, M, N, and B, are now sized to balance each branch with the same total pressure loss.  For equal pressure loss in branch K, this branch must have the same loss as branch J.  From Table 2, the loss must be .026 in. of water.  Since the K Branch is 19 feet long, the pressure loss is .026(100/19) = .1368 in. /100 ft.  Entering an air friction chart at .1368 and 604cfm gives the duct velocity as 950 fpm and the duct diameter as 11 inche

The aim of a ductnetwork

The aim of a ductnetwork is to distribute air to the building within the parameters originally foreseen for the project,including temperature and humidity.Air atthe machine exithas differenttemperature and humidity characteristics to those of the surroundings,which is why unwanted heat transfer through the duct’s walls will always occur.The thinner the duct’s insulation,the greater the heat transfer.
Energy losses caused by air leakage atductwork joints also has to be added to thatvia heattransfer.
These two effects are illustrated by the data in the “Air ductperformance and costcomparison”table (reference NAIMA AH 109).This table presents the results of a test carried out by NAIMA (North America Insulation Manufacturers Association) on the energy losses in differenttypes of HVAC ducts,for the following conditions:
Ductwork 20mlong Cross section:40cm x 20cm Temperature inside the duct:15ºC Temperature outside the duct:25ºC
With reference to this table,if a non-insulated duct is assumed to be the worst case scenario for thermal loss and,therefore a benchmark for the highest energy loss,it is strikingly apparent that glass wool ductboards equate to massive energy savings

ZEROING / TARE

ZEROING / TARE
You can press the [Tare] key to set a new zero point and show the zero reading if
the weight reading is less than 4% of the total of the maximum capacity of the scale.
This may be necessary if the weight is not reading zero with nothing on the
platform. The zero indicators will light up: >0<.
If you are using a container to weigh then you can place this on the platform and
press the [Tare] key, providing the container weight is more than 4% of the
maximum capacity of the scale, the display will show zero and tare indicator will
light up. You can then weigh your object in the container. Taring weight subtracts
from the total scale capacity

Noise

2.3 Noise
Noise from the equipment, ducts, or air outlets is an important part of the comfort equation. The
placement of the equipment within the conditioned space will increase energy efficiency;
however, the placement of the equipment must consider the impact of the equipment noise
during operation. Placing equipment close to important noise control areas such as bedrooms
must involve consideration of the implications from the equipment noise and vibrations.
The placement of the return air inlet can also have an impact on system noise. A return duct that
has a direct connection to the blower motor, as shown in Figure 7, will transfer that blower noise
to the occupied space. One way to overcome this issue is by adding radius elbows in the return
duct to help isolate the blower noise from the space, as shown in Figure 8

Where necessary

Where necessary, main intakes and outlets are to be fitted with gratings to prevent fouling and
the entry of rats and other large vermin.
D.1.4 Where a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system is fitted, ventilation openings of these spaces shall
be capable of being closed from outside the protected space. If the closures are not fitted directly at the
external bulkhead of the protected space the duct between bulkhead, and closing device shall be constructed
of steel having a thickness of at least 3 mm and flange joints are to be sealed by non-combustible
material.
D.1.5 Where individual rooms have separate arrangements for flooding with CO2, the ventilating
system must also be separate. Provision is to be made to remove CO2, after flooding of these spaces.
D.1.6 Electrical machinery and installations (switch cabinets, etc.) are to be protected such that water
particles penetrating into the air ducts will not cause disturbances. Risks of this kind are to be minimized
by appropriate arrangement (water traps) of ducts and air in/outlets.
D.1.7 The number of ventilation openings in watertight subdivisions shall be reduced to the minimum
compatible with the design and proper working of the ship. Where ventilation ducts are routed through
watertight decks and bulkheads, arrangements shall be made to ensure the watertight integrity. If valves
are provided at watertight boundaries to maintain watertight integrity, than the valves are to be capable of
being operated from a control panel located in the navigation bridge, where the position of the shut-off
valves is to be indicated.

General arrangements

D.1 General arrangements
D.1.1 The ventilation systems for machinery spaces of category A, vehicle spaces, ro-ro spaces,
galleys, special category spaces and cargo spaces shall, in general, be separated from each other and
from the ventilation systems serving other spaces.
Exceptions are the galley ventilation systems on cargo ships of less than 4000 gross tonnage and in passenger
ships carrying not more than 36 passengers, which need not be completely separated, but may be
served by separate ducts from a ventilation unit serving other spaces. In this case, an automatic fire
damper shall be fitted in the galley ventilation ducts near the ventilation unit.
D.1.2 Balance openings or ducts between two enclosed spaces are prohibited except for openings
in or under "B" class doors. Such openings shall be provided only in the lower half of the door. Where
such an opening is in or under a door, the total net area of any such opening or openings shall not exceed
0.05 m2. Alternatively, a non-combustible air balance duct routed between the cabin and the corridor,
and located below the sanitary unit, is permitted where the cross-sectional area of the duct does not exceed
0.05 m2. Ventilation openings, except those under the door, shall be fitted with a grill made of noncombustible
material.

Public spaces

Public spaces
Those portions of the accommodation which are used for halls, dining rooms, lounges and similar permanently
enclosed spaces.
C.20 Ro-ro cargo spaces
Spaces not normally subdivided in any way and normally extending to either a substantial length or the
entire length of the ship in which motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion and/or
goods (packaged or in bulk, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including road or rail tankers), trailers,
containers, pallets, demountable tanks or in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles) can be
loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
C.21 Service spaces
Those spaces used for galleys, pantries containing cooking appliances, lockers, mail and specie rooms,
store-rooms, workshops other than those forming part of the machinery spaces, and similar spaces and
trunks to such spaces.
C.22 Special category spaces
Enclosed spaces above or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor vehicles with fuel
in their tanks for their own propulsion, into and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which passengers
have access.

C.15 Natural ventilation systems

C.15 Natural ventilation systems
Systems in which the air movement is caused solely by temperature differences, natural wind or head
wind.
C.16 Non-combustible material
Is a material which neither burns nor gives off flammable vapours in sufficient quantity for self-ignition
when heated to approximately 750 °C, this being determined in accordance with Fire Test Procedure
Code.
C.17 Non-sparking fans
A fan is considered as non-sparking if in either normal or abnormal conditions it is unlikely to produce
sparks.
C.18 Open ro-ro spaces
Those ro-ro spaces which are either open at both ends or have an opening at one end, and are provided
with adequate natural ventilation effective over their entire length through permanent openings distributed
in the side plating or deckhead or from above, having a total area of at least 10 % of the total area of the
space sides.

Machinery spaces of category A

Machinery spaces of category A
Those spaces and trunks to such spaces which contain:
 internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion
 internal combustion machinery used for purposes other than main propulsion where such machinery
has in the aggregate a total power output of not less than 375 kW
 any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit, or any oil-fired equipment other than boilers, such as inert gas
generators, incinerators, etc.
C.14 Mechanical ventilation systems
Systems through which air is passed by ventilators driven hydraulically, pneumatically or by electric motors.
Rules I Ship Technology
Part 1 Seagoing Ships
Chapter 21 Ventilation
Section 1 Ventilation
Edition 2014 Germanischer Lloyd Page 1–4
Mechanical ventilation may also be called power ventilation or forced ventilation.

Control stations

Control stations
Those spaces in which the ship's radio or main navigating equipment or the emergency source of power
is located or where the fire recording or fire control equipment is centralized.
C.9 Fire closures
Closing appliances of ventilation inlets and outlets as required by SOLAS II-2/5.2.1.1 for fire protection
purposes.
C.10 Free cross-sectional area
Means, even in the case of a pre-insulated duct, the area calculated on the basis of the inner diameter of
the duct.
C.11 LLC 1966
International Load Line Convention 1966, as amended.
C.12 Machinery spaces
All machinery spaces of category A and all other spaces containing propulsion machinery, boilers, oil fuel
units, steam and internal combustion engines, generators and major electrical machinery, oil filling stations,
refrigerating, stabilizing, ventilation and air-conditioning machinery, and similar spaces, and trunks
to such spaces.

C.3 Air pipes

C.3 Air pipes
Parts of tank pressure-equalizing systems not dealt with in these Regulations, see GL Rules for Hull
Structures (I-1-1), Section 21, E
C.4 Air trunks
Parts of the hull which may either themselves be used to conduct air or which contain air ducts as well as
other lines (pipes, cables).
C.5 Approved type
The term "Approved" relates to a material or construction, for which GL has issued an Approval Certificate.
A type approval can be issued on the basis of a successful standard fire test, which has been carried
out by a neutral and recognized fire testing institute.
C.6 Cargo spaces
All spaces used for cargo, cargo oil tanks, tanks for other liquid cargo and trunks to such spaces.
C.7 Closed ro-ro cargo spaces
All ro-ro cargo spaces which are neither open ro-ro cargo spaces nor weather decks.