Hot-water baseboards

Hot-water baseboards and radiators require water between 160° and 180°F (71° and 82°C) to effectively heat a room. Generally, flat-plate liquid collectors heat the transfer and distribution fluids to between 90° and 120°F (32° and 49°C). Therefore, using baseboards or radiators with a solar heating system requires that the surface area of the baseboard or radiators be larger, temperature of the solar-heated liquid be increased by the backup system, or a medium-temperature solar collector (such as an evacuated tube collector) be substituted for a flat-plate collector.

There are several options for incorporating a liquid system into a forced-air heating system. The basic design is to place a liquid-to-air heat exchanger, or heating coil, in the main room-air return duct before it reaches the furnace. Air returning from the living space is heated as it passes over the solar heated liquid in the heat exchanger. Additional heat is supplied as necessary by the furnace. The coil must be large enough to transfer sufficient heat to the air at the lowest operating temperature of the collector.

DISTRIBUTING HEAT FOR LIQUID SYSTEMS

DISTRIBUTING HEAT FOR LIQUID SYSTEMS

You can use a radiant floor, hot water baseboards or radiators, or a central forced-air system to distribute the solar heat. In a radiant floor system, solar-heated liquid circulates through pipes embedded in a thin concrete slab floor, which then radiates heat to the room. Radiant floor heating is ideal for liquid solar systems because it performs well at relatively low temperatures. A carefully designed system may not need a separate heat storage tank, although most systems include them for temperature control. A conventional boiler or even a standard domestic water heater can supply back-up heat. The slab is typically finished with tile. Radiant slab systems take longer to heat the home from a "cold start" than other types of heat distribution systems

Specialty or custom

Specialty or custom tanks may be necessary in systems with very large storage requirements. They are usually stainless steel, fiberglass, or high temperature plastic. Concrete and wood (hot tub) tanks are also options. Each type of tank has its advantages and disadvantages, and all types require careful placement because of their size and weight. It may be more practical to use several smaller tanks rather than one large one. The simplest storage system option is to use standard domestic water heaters. They meet building codes for pressure vessel requirements, are lined to inhibit corrosion, and are easy to install.

STORING HEAT IN LIQUID SYSTEMS

STORING HEAT IN LIQUID SYSTEMS

Liquid systems store solar heat in tanks of water or in the masonry mass of a radiant slab system. In tank type storage systems, heat from the working fluid transfers to a distribution fluid in a heat exchanger exterior to or within the tank.

Tanks are pressurized or unpressurized, depending on overall system design. Before choosing a storage tank, consider cost, size, durability, where to place it (in the basement or outside), and how to install it. You may need to construct a tank on-site if a tank of the necessary size will not fit through existing doorways. Tanks also have limits for temperature and pressure, and must meet local building, plumbing, and mechanical codes. You should also note how much insulation is necessary to prevent excessive heat loss, and what kind of protective coating or sealing is necessary to avoid corrosion or leaks.

he liquid flows rapidly,

he liquid flows rapidly, so its temperature only increases 10° to 20°F (5.6° to 11°C ) as it moves through the collector. Heating a smaller volume of liquid to a higher temperature increases heat loss from the collector and decreases the efficiency of the system. The liquid flows to either a storage tank or a heat exchanger for immediate use. Other system components include piping, pumps, valves, an expansion tank, a heat exchanger, a storage tank, and controls.

LIQUID-BASED ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

LIQUID-BASED ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

Solar liquid collectors are most appropriate for central heating. They are the same as those used in solar domestic water heating systems. Flat-plate collectors are the most common, but evacuated tube and concentrating collectors are also available. In the collector, a heat transfer or "working" fluid such as water, antifreeze (usually non-toxic propylene glycol), or other type of liquid absorbs the solar heat. At the appropriate time, a controller operates a circulating pump to move the fluid through the collector.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

The location of your thermostat can affect its performance and efficiency. Read the manufacturer's installation instructions to prevent "ghost readings" or unnecessary furnace or air conditioner cycling. To operate properly, a thermostat must be on an interior wall away from direct sunlight, drafts, doorways, skylights, and windows. It should be located where natural room air currents–warm air rising, cool air sinking–occur. Furniture will block natural air movement, so do not place pieces in front of or below your thermostat. Also make sure your thermostat is conveniently located for programming.

CHOOSING

CHOOSING AND PROGRAMMING A PROGRAMMABLE THERMOSTAT

Most programmable thermostats are either digital, electromechanical, or some mixture of the two. Digital thermostats offer the most features in terms of multiple setback settings, overrides, and adjustments for daylight savings time, but may be difficult for some people to program. Electromechanical systems often involve pegs or sliding bars and are relatively simple to program.

When programming your thermostat, consider when you normally go to sleep and wake up. If you prefer to sleep at a cooler temperature during the winter, you might want to start the temperature setback a bit ahead of the time you actually go to bed. Also consider the schedules of everyone in the household. If there is a time during the day when the house is unoccupied for four hours or more, it makes sense to adjust the temperature during those periods.

Electric resistance

Electric resistance systems, such as electric baseboard heating, require thermostats capable of directly controlling 120-volt or 240-volt circuits. Only a few companies manufacture line-voltage programmable thermostats.

The slow response time -- up to several hours -- of steam heating and radiant floor heating systems leads some people to suggest that setback is inappropriate for these systems. However, some manufacturers now offer thermostats that track the performance of your heating system to determine when to turn it on in order to achieve comfortable temperatures at your programmed time.

Alternately, a normal programmable thermostat can be set to begin its cool down well before you leave or go to bed and return to its regular temperature two or three hours before you wake up or return home. This may require some guesswork at first, but with a little trial and error you can still save energy while maintaining a comfortable home.

Figure 7 The figure show

Figure 7 The figure show SPF results from two different SPF, “heat only” and “heat and DHW” (domestic hot water heating) at two different levels, “SPF 1” and “SPF3”, from field testing.
The conditions for measurements in a laboratory and in field differ with respect to various factors e.g. the boundary conditions. SPF1 in field measurements includes the electrical energy from the heat source brine pump, while “average COP” and “SCOPnet” only includes the head losses. This could make the electrical energy use a little larger for the field measurements, but on the other hand “average COP” and “SCOPnet” also contain head losses for the heat sink side which SPF1 does not. The electrical energy from the heat sink pump for SPF1 is included in SPF3.

shows a trend that SPF1 is higher compared to “average COP” and “SCOPnet”.

Figure 8 The figure shows a trend that SPF1 is higher compared to “average COP” and “SCOPnet”. Field measurements imply a higher uncertainty compared to measurements in a laboratory. The bars of error show an error of ±10% to cover the margins of error.
There are two main differences between “average COP” and “SCOPnet“:  There are differences in degradation for part load operation  Lot 1 does not make an capacity balance of the heating demand of the house at each outdoor temperature.  
The last factor results in that the design capacity, Pdesign, turns out to be larger for the house when using SCOPnet compared to “average COP”. The result show that Pdesign for “average COP” is approximately 13-28% lower compared to “average COP” and SPF is approximately 3-4% lower. The degradation of COP is a little bit tougher when using Lot 1 compared to using prEN14825. The comparison is illustrated in Figure 9 below

Air to air heat pum

Air to air heat pump Laboratory test data was available for one of the air to air heat pumps that were studied in field. SPF from the field study and SPF from the calculation models are presented in Table 10 below. SCOPnet is the SPF for the heat pump that corresponds to SPF1. SCOPon is SPF for the heat pump with the backup heater included and corresponds to SPF2. SCOP is SPF for the heat pump with both backup heater and parasitic losses included. There are some problems by comparing the laboratory test data and the data from field testing, since the field tests do not include the defrosting periods. Therefore SPF from field testing might turn out a little higher than in reality.

Conclusions from comparisons

Conclusions from comparisons
Some of the field installations show different SPF1 despite that the same heat pump model is installed. This can be an indication of how important the sizing of the heat pump is. An oversized heat pump results in for example more part load operation and causes standby losses.  
The calculation models show that there can be benefits when installing a heat pump where the bivalent temperature is higher than the lowest operation temperature of the year, even though backup heating is necessar

Requirements

Requirements for a new calculation model to evaluate SPF from lab measurements
The requirements on a new calculation model differs defpending on the aim of the model. In general, three different uses can be identified: Based on lab data understand the consequences of technology choice in comparison with competing heating technologies To understand the consequences of correct sizing of the heat pump To make a correct dimensioning of the heat pump in a specific house
It should also be possible to study three modes of operation, DHW production, heating or combined DHW production and heating.
Based on the models, it should be possible to make comparisons of e.g. LCC and environmental performance of different syste

It should

It should be possible to decide the energy demand of the house in the model, either by given reference loads, or by choosing a specific energy demand of the house. This should be separated into space heating and domestic hot water.  When the model itself calculates the losses of the house it can be misleading and not sufficient for the actual house. This can be one boundary of the project. Alternatively, typical houses are used in typical climates, both preset in the model.
 To take into account for the climate at the installation, generally accepted spot climate data, for example Meteonorm data [9], Should be a part of the model.

The dynamics

The dynamics of the house can be a part of the model. The perceived temperature of the house is not fully consistent with the actual outdoor temperature. At colder temperature dips of for example -15°C, the house will not experience the real outdoor temperature, but experiences a temperature of -12°C instead (due to internal heat gains). Even the irradiance of the sun differs between the seasons (and different spots). The energy demand of the house is affected from those variances over the year, why it might be an idea to calculate the SPF over monthly periods. Also the use of a fictive outdoor temperature would be an alternative. The climate data can be adjusted (flattened out) depending on a number of inputs, but a temperature dip is still needed in order to make a proper effect dimensioning (this is dimensioning the entire system such as deep wells etc.). In a serious effort to evaluate dynamics, other factors have to e incorporated in a model, such as form factor, impact of building weight, window area compared to wall area, placement of windows, etc., which make such a model very complex.
 
 For ground source heat pumps, the temperature of the ground is varying during the year. The model should include a correction for this. This could be expressed as a function where the ground source temperature is a function of the outdoor temperature over the year.
 The model should contain a radiator heat curve where requisite supply temperature is calculated, an example of this can be found in the thesis of Fredri

Extensive Mold Growth

Extensive Mold Growth
If the preliminary determination indicates extensive mold
growth that is visible, hidden or suspected as a result of
a chronic or lingering moisture problem, it is highly
recommended that the extent of microbial growth or
Condition (1-3) to which areas of the HVAC system are
mold-contaminated be determined. It is highly
recommended that this determination be made by a
thorough assessment performed by an IEP before
starting remediation. However, in some circumstances
where Condition 3 contamination has been determined
and the entire HVAC system is located within the
contaminated area, or when the scope of work can be
determined without sampling, testing or independent IEP
inspection, then engagement of an IEP during the
preliminary determination process may not be
necessary. Further, some loss mitigation services (e.g.,
water damage restoration) may be initiated before or
while assessing conditions and/or remediation
processes (See IICRC S520

Preliminary Determination for Mold

Preliminary Determination for Mold
After the initial HVAC system component inspection, a
preliminary determination must be made by the person
performing the inspection regarding potential mold
contamination. Making a determination involves the
collection, analysis and summary of information to
identify areas of moisture accumulation and potential
mold growth. A preliminary determination may indicate
the need for further assessment by an IEP and/or other
appropriate professionals (See IICRC S520).
3.3.2 Surface Mold Growth
If the preliminary determination indicates a small,
isolated area of mold growth on a surface layer of
condensation on painted walls or non-porous surfaces,
and mold growth has not occurred in concealed areas,
the use of an IEP generally is not necessary and the
mold usually can be removed as part of a regular HVAC
maintenance program (See IICRC S520).

Supply Duct Inspections

Supply Duct Inspections
The supply duct cleanliness inspection should consider a
representative portion of supply system components
including, but not limited to, supply ducts, controls,
mixing/ control boxes, reheat coils and other internal
components.
3.2.3 Return Duct Inspections
The return duct cleanliness inspection should consider a
representative portion of return system components
including, but not limited to, return ducts, dampers,
return plenums, make-up air plenums and grilles.
3.3 Inspecting for Mold Contamination
It is highly recommended the HVAC system cleanliness
inspection include a preliminary determination of the
level of mold contamination (Condition 1, 2 or 3) and
other biological activity. The inspection should evaluate
the air-handling unit, humidifier and other representative
system components.
HVAC systems should be inspected at least twice
annually when they include supplemental humidification
or when they are located within a hot and humid climate

HVAC Cleanliness Inspection Schedule

HVAC Cleanliness Inspection Schedule
HVAC systems should be routinely inspected for
cleanliness by visual means. Table 1 provides a
recommended inspection schedule for major HVAC
components within different building use classifications.
The inspection intervals specified in Table 1 are
minimum recommendations. The need for more frequent
cleanliness inspections is subject to numerous
environmental, mechanical and human factors.
Geographic regions with climates having higher
humidity, for example, will warrant HVAC system
inspections on a more frequent basis, due to the
increased potential for microbial amplification.
If the inspection of an HVAC unit’s air-handling
components reveals contamination, then supply and
return ductwork must be inspected during that same
inspection time rather than in accordance with the
intervals specified in Table 1

The cleanliness inspection

The cleanliness inspection should include air-handling
units and representative areas of the HVAC system
components and ductwork. In HVAC systems that
include multiple air-handling units, a representative
sample of the units should be inspected. If the
inspection is being conducted as part of a mold
remediation project in accordance with IICRC Standard
S520, then all components of the HVAC system must be
inspected.
The cleanliness inspection must be conducted without
negatively impacting the indoor environment through
excessive disruption of settled dust, microbial
amplification or other debris. In cases where mold
contamination is suspected, and/or in sensitive
environments where even small amounts of contaminant
may be of concern, environmental engineering control
measures must be implemented and the services of an
Indoor Environmental Professional (IEP) are highly
recommended to determine the overall impact on the
indoor environment.

Surface Treatment

Surface Treatment (non-antimicrobial): Coating or
treatment designed to repair surface defects or modify
surface characteristics
TVOC: Total volatile organic compounds.
Thermal Acoustic Materials: HVAC insulation materials
designed for sound and temperature control.
UL: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Vacuum Collection Equipment: See “Collection Device.”
Visibly Clean: A condition in which the interior surfaces
of the HVAC system are free of non-adhered substances
and debris.
Visual Inspection: Visual examination with the naked eye
of the cleanliness of the HVAC system.
Wet Process Cleaning: Any method of mechanical
cleaning of HVAC components that utilizes water and/or
liquid chemicals as part of the process (i.e. power
washing, steam cleaning, hand washing)

Service Panel

Service Panel: Fabricated piece of metal making up a
part of the structural shell of a piece of mechanical
equipment. Often allows for entry to service equipment.
Shall: (See “Must”)
Shiplap Tool: Specialized cutting tool for fabricating
fibrous glass board.
Should: Indicates a recommendation, or that which is
advised by this standard, but is not mandatory (See
“Highly Recommended”).
Sleeve Collar: Fabricated door frame extension used to
install typical surface-mount access doors in fibrous
glass ductboard.
SMACNA: Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’
National Association.
Source Removal: See “Mechanical Cleaning.”
Stain: A remaining discoloration on the HVAC system
surface after contact vacuuming, which cannot be
removed.

Strength Test data

Strength Test data from EN 14511 can be used in the calculations. The model provides default values to recalculate the test points to fit the part load of the heat pump for the different kinds of heat pumps (fixed capacity, staged capacity och variable capacity). The capacity and corresponding COP values are then interpolated between the temperature bins. However, the accurateness of the recalculation is unknown.  
The model itself has suggested test points with a radiator curve (supply temperature) that is adjusted to the outdoor temperature. At colder outdoor temperatures the supply temperature is higher and at warmer outdoor temperatures the supply temperatures are lower

Risk There

Risk There is a present danger of doing mistakes when using the model. The large amount of data that is taken into account will probably result in much estimation that will differ from case to case and will therefore result in incomparable outcome of the model. Also the same heat pump installation can probably give different results depending on the way it is calculated, (choosing method, input, accuracy and test points).

eakness The strengths

Weakness The strengths of this model could also turn out to be its weaknesses. The wideness of the model makes it complicated and twisty. There are too many aspects that are taken into account in the calculations. The standard refers to several other standards for calculations of losses and needs. The model requires large knowledge of the house.
The fact that default values can be used to calculate the operation in part load for the heat pumps can result in lower accurateness of the model.  
The model does not treat operation in cooling mode

Strength This model

Strength This model is very wide and thorough in its content. It treats both room heating and tap water production. The model is adaptable to different climates and the resolution of the temperature bins can be chosen.  
The model specifies the requirements and losses of the certain house and defines recoverable respectively unrecoverable energy.  
It is not necessary to test the heat pump at the part loads, since there are default values that can be used.  
The model can be used to calculate the SPF for the entire system with the building included or only for the heat pump

Risk The performance

Risk The performance of water/water heat pumps can be overestimated, especially at the cold climate, since they are only tested at +10°C at the cold side (in reality the ground water temperature can be lower than this). This can also be the case for other ground source heat pumps.  
The degradation coefficient Cc might be a disadvantage for a ground source heat pump when default values are used. Cc =0.9 is a larger degradation of GSHP’s than what is shown in reality. There is a risk that the requirement of having heat pumps tested in part load might lead to extensive laboratory tests, which is costly. It is also difficult to get sufficient data from existing laboratory tests, since few heat pumps are tested in part loads

Possibility

Possibility The model could be developed so that it would be possible to decide the energy demand of the house. It could also be a possibility to fit the model to your own climate. Maybe the ground water temperature and thereby the bore hole temperature could be climate depending.  It should be obvious how interpolations or extrapolations of capacity and/or COP should be performed to avoid differences between user

It is also

It is also not completely transparent since it describes (ANNEX C) the reference heating/cooling demand and the number of hours in each operational mode (active mode, thermostat off mode, standby and crankcase heater mode) is decided from weighted climate, type of building, internal gains, set back setting and so on, but there is no reference that describes the calculations. Therefore it is not possible to recalculate the hours to fit specific needs. The climate hours that describes the temperature bins does not seem to be adjusted in any ways since it is the same hours that is used in Ecodesign LOT 1.  

Specific

Specific information on these components follows:
1. Vibration damping material is frequently specified for use on light-gage
rectangular sheet metal ductwork in order to minimize “ringing” of the metal. This
damping material is available in the form of sheets of self-adhesive mastic or in a
paste form for spraying or troweling onto the duct. This material stiffens the sheet
metal and renders it less susceptible to excitation. Generally, the need for
vibration damping material is greatest with large rectangular ducts and becomes
less with round or small rectangular ducts. Examples of vibration damping material include Kinetics Model KDD (self-adhesive mastic sheets) and Kinetics
Model KDC-E-162 (semi-liquid sprayable paste)

Expansion Valve System-Subcooling

Expansion Valve System-Subcooling Charge Method
1. Fully open both base valves.
2. Connect service gauge manifold to base-valve service
parts making sure lines are purged. Run system at least
10 minutes to allow pressure to stabilize.
3. Temporarily install the thermometer to liquid (small) line
near condensing unit. Be sure that the contact between
thermometer and line is good. Wrap thermometer with
insulating material to ensure accurate reading.
4. Referring to the Saturated Liquid Line Temperature Table,
adjust charge to obtain a temperature 12-15°F below the
saturated liquid temperature.
Example:
If liquid pressure is 260 psig refer to Saturated Liquid
Temperature chart, 260 psig = 120° saturated temperature.
Subtract liquid line temperature obtained from thermostat
connect to liquid line. The liquid line temperature must be
12° -15° cooler than the refrigeration saturation temperature

Temperature Rise Heat Pump Only Method

Temperature Rise Heat Pump Only Method
The Temperature Rise Resistive Heat Method can be used to
determine the heating capacity of the heat pump system in
the heat pump "only" mode. The results obtained using this
method should agree within 10% of the data published in the
Specification Sheets for the combination of indoor and outdoor
section.
NOTE: When using the following procedure to determine the
system's capacity, make sure that the indoor section's backup
heat source is de-energized.
1. Use the same procedure described in the Temperature
Rise Resistive Heat Method to determine the system's
CFM and temperature rise across the indoor section.
2. Determine the BTU output of the system for the measured
Temperature Rise and system CFM by using the following
formula

Superheat Method

Superheat Method
The following information has been developed to determine the
proper charge for Goodman Heat Pump Systems that are
already in operation.
NOTE: Many field variations exist which may affect the
operating temperature and pressure readings of a heat pump
system. All Goodman Heat Pump Systems utilize fixed orifice
refrigerant control devices. The following procedure has been
developed for this type of refrigerant control device.
1. With both base valves fully open, connect a set of service
gages to the base valves' service port, being careful to
purge the lines.
2. Allow the system to operate at least 10 minutes or until
the pressures stabilize.
3. Temporarily install a thermometer on the suction (large)
line near the condensing unit's base valve. Make sure
that there is good contact between the thermometer and
the refrigerant line and wrap the thermometer and line
with insulating tape to assure accurate readings.

Airflow Determination - Indoor Coil

Airflow Determination - Indoor Coil
The heat pump system has been designed for optimum
performance with an airflow across the indoor coil equaling
approximately 400 CFM/TON e.g. A 2 TON system should
have 2 x 400 CFM/TON = 800 CFM. The systems airflow
can be determined by several methods.
Airflow Test Instruments
There are a number of readily available instruments that can
be used in the field for airflow determination such as
Barometers, Volume-Aire Air Balancers, Anemometers, and
Velometers. When using these devices it is important to follow
the manufacture's instructions provided with them.
Temperature Rise Resistive Heat Method
Although this method is not as accurate as the use of test
equipment, a method of determining the indoor airflow in a
system employing electric resistance heat as the backup heat
source is by the Temperature

Condenser Motor

Condenser Motor
This is activated by the contactor during heating and cooling
except during defrost and emergency heat operation.
Compressor
This is activated by the contactor for heating and cooling
except during emergency heat. It is protected by an internal
overload.
Defrost Control
This provides time/temperature initiation and termination of
the defrost cycle.
Loss of Charge Protector
If the system loses refrigerant charge, the control will open
to allow the compressor contactor to open.

Line Set Installation Instructions

Line Set Installation Instructions
Use the following instructions to install line sets:
1. Tubing should be cut square. Make sure it is round and
free of burrs at the connecting ends. Clean the tubing to
prevent contaminants from entering the system.
2. Wrap a wet rag around the copper valve stub before
brazing.
3. Braze or silver solder the joint.
4. After brazing, quench with a wet rag to cool the joint.
Evacuate and charge the connecting lines as outlined in
these instructions.
5. Remove valve top cap. It is important to keep the cap in
a clean area to assure proper sealing once replaced.
6. Using a standard L shaped Allen wrench, break open the
valve body. To expedite opening the valve body after it
is broken, use a ratchet wrench with a short Allen stub.
Please note that it is normal to see oil on the valve stem
body once the cap is removed.
7. Replace the valve cap and tighten with a wrench making
sure that the the cap is sealed.

Turn cooling temperature

Turn cooling temperature setting as high as it will go.
3. Inspect all registers and set them to the normal open
position.
4. Turn on the unit's electrical supply at the fused disconnect
switch, both for the indoor unit and the outdoor unit.
5. Turn the fan switch to the "ON" position. The blower
should operate 10 to 15 seconds later.
6. Turn the fan switch to the "AUTO" position. The blower
should stop 90 seconds later.
NOTE: If outdoor temperature is below 55°F, proceed to
step 9. Do not check out in the cooling mode.
7. Slowly lower the cooling temperature until the first mercury
bulb makes contact. The compressor, indoor blower, and
outdoor fan should now be running. Make sure cool air is
supplied by the unit.
8. Turn system switch to "HEAT" and fan switch to "AUTO".
9. Slowly raise the heating temperature setting. After the
heating first-stage mercury bulb (upper) makes contact,
stop moving the lever. The compressor, indoor blower
and outdoor fan should now be running. After giving the
unit time to settle out, make sure heated air is being
supplied by the indoor unit.
10. If the outdoor ambient is above 70°F, the compressor
may trip on internal overload.
11. In the event that the outdoor ambient is too high to allow
a thorough heating cycle check, postpone the test until
another day when conditions are more suitable...but —
DO NOT FAIL TO TEST.

HEAT PUMP - HEATING CYCLE

HEAT PUMP - HEATING CYCLE
As in the cooling mode, the proper method of insuring that
the system is properly charge is by weight with the additional
charge adjustments for line size, line length, and other system
components as previously indicated.
Hot Gas Method
The following procedure can be employed as a method to check
for system charge in the heating mode by measuring the hot
discharge gas at the compressor.
1. Allow the system to operate at least 20 minutes.
2. Attach and insulate an electronic thermometer's probe
to the vapor service valve (large line) at the base valve.
NOTE - Make sure that the probe is well insulated from
the outdoor air.
3. Allow the system to operate at least 10 minutes.
Afterwards, use an accurate electronic thermometer to
measure the temperature of the discharge gas at the
probe.
4. Using the electronic thermostat, measure the outdoor
ambient temperature.
5. For check purposes the temperature measured on the
hot gas line should be equal to the outdoor ambient
temperature plus 110°F (+ or-4°F). e.g: Outdoor Ambient
45°F then the temperature measured by the
thermometer's probe should be 155°F for a system that
is properly charged. If the temperature measured by the
thermometer's probe is higher than the outdoor ambient
plus 110°F, the system charge should be adjusted by
adding refrigerant to lower the temperature. If the
temperature measured is lower than the outdoor ambient
plus 110°F, the system charge should be adjusted by
recovering charge to raise the temperature

The simplest

The simplest and most effective treatment method for the control of pipe and duct
breakout noise is to wrap the piping and ductwork with acoustical cladding. This
acoustical material consists of three (3) components:
1. Vibration damping material (for sheet metal)
2. Light density decoupling material
3. Acoustical barrier overwrap

It is important

It is important to note that there are two (2) different types of piping and ductwork
noise that are typically encountered. Breakout noise is noise that radiates radially out
away from the pipe or duct. Breakout noise is caused by the wall of the pipe or duct
vibrating due to the fluid passage within. Stream noise is noise carried along with the
fluid as it flows down the pipe or duct. This noise is most apparent at outlet grills or
registers in ducting systems. Stream noise must be controlled via the introduction of
silencers, attenuators, turning vanes and similar into the air path within the ductwork
which serve to minimize air turbulence. This paper will not discuss the control of
stream noise.

PIPING AND DUCTWOR

PIPING AND DUCTWORK ACOUSTICAL LAGGING
Noise radiating from piping and ductwork can be a serious problem in modern
building construction. Turbulent flow piping noise can be caused by water or other
liquids passing through elbows, valves or other transition pieces. Duct noise is
caused by air flowing past obstructions or branches which results in the vibration of
the metal ductwork. This vibration then radiates noise into the building.

Current building

Current building construction materials cause piping and ductwork noise to be more
of a concern today than in the past. Lightweight PVC plastic pipe is commonly used
to replace cast iron, copper or mild steel tubing. Sheet metal ducting becomes
thinner and lighter in weight so as to minimize the initial material cost. These light
construction materials are more easily set into motion due to air and fluid flow, with
the result being an increase in client concerns and complaints directed towards
noise. These problems are particularly an issue in multi-family residential
construction since piping which serves adjacent living space

THE DUCT SYSTEM,

THE DUCT SYSTEM, used in air heating and air cooling your home,
is a collection of tubes that distributes the heated or cooled air to
the various rooms. This system can make a big difference in both
the cost and the effectiveness of heating and cooling the home.
The duct system can have an important effect on health of
the occupants through the distribution of indoor air pollution.
Changes and repairs to a duct system should always be performed
by a qualified professional.

Air cleaners

Air cleaners

According to the EPA, a good air filter with a HEPA filter can remove particles such as dust, smoke and allergy triggers. But air cleaners aren’t efficient at removing gases. They are not a substitute for fresh air circulation.

2.05 MECHANICAL CLEANING METHODOLOGY

2.05 MECHANICAL CLEANING METHODOLOGY
(A) Source Removal Cleaning Methods
The HVAC system shall be cleaned using Source Removal mechanical cleaning methods
designed to extract contaminants from within the HVAC system and safely remove contaminants
from the facility. It is the contractor’s responsibility to select Source Removal methods that will
render the HVAC system Visibly Clean and capable of passing cleaning verification methods (See
applicable Industry Standards) and other specified tests, in accordance with all general
requirements. No cleaning method, or combination of methods, shall be used which could
potentially damage components of the HVAC system or negatively alter the integrity of the
system.

Clean all air handling units (AHU)

 Clean all air handling units (AHU) internal surfaces, components and condensate
collectors and drains.
2. Assure that a suitable operative drainage system is in place prior to beginning
wash down procedures.
3. Clean all coils and related components, including evaporator fins.
(J) Duct Systems

1. Contractor shall create service openings in the system as necessary in order to
accommodate cleaning of otherwise inaccessible areas.
2. Contractor shall mechanically clean all duct systems to remove all visible
contaminants, such that the systems are capable of passing Cleaning Verification
Tests (see NADCA Standards).

2.04 HEALTH AND SAFETY

2.04 HEALTH AND SAFETY
(A) Safety Standards
Cleaning contractors shall comply with applicable federal, state, and local requirements for
protecting the safety of the contractor’s employees, building occupants, and the environment. In
particular, all applicable standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
shall be followed when working in accordance with this specification.
(B) Occupant Safety
No processes or materials shall be employed in such a manner that they will introduce additional
hazards into occupied spaces.
(C) Disposal of Debris
All Debris removed from the HVAC Sy

All service openings capable of being re-opened for future inspection or

 All service openings capable of being re-opened for future inspection or
remediation shall be clearly marked and shall have their location reported to the
owner in project report documents.
(G) Ceiling Tile
The contractor may remove and reinstall ceiling sections to gain access to HVAC systems during
the cleaning process.
(H) Air Distribution Devices (registers, grilles & diffusers)
The contractor shall clean all air distribution devices.
(I) Air Handling Units, Blowers and Exhaust Fans
The contractor shall insure that supply, return, and exhaust fans and blowers are thoroughly
cleaned. Areas to be cleaned include blowers, fan housings, plenums (except ceiling supply and
return plenums), scrolls, blades, or vanes, shafts, baffles, dampers and drive assemblies. All
visible surface conta

Contractor shall utilize the existing service openings already installed in the HVAC

 Contractor shall utilize the existing service openings already installed in the HVAC
system where possible.
2. Other openings shall be created where needed and they must be created so they
can be sealed in accordance with industry codes and standards.
3. Closures must not significantly hinder, restrict, or alter the airflow within the
system.
4. Closures must be properly insulated to prevent heat loss/gain or condensation on
surfaces within the system.
5. Openings must not compromise the structural integrity of the system.
6. Construction techniques used in the creation of openings should conform to
requirements of applicable building and fire codes, and applicable NFPA,
SMACNA and industry standards.
7. Cutting service openings into flexible duct is not permitted. Flexible duct shall be
disconnected at the ends as needed for proper cleaning and inspection.

Controlling Odors

 Controlling Odors
Measures shall be employed to control odors and/or mist vapors during the cleaning process.
(D) Component Cleaning
Cleaning methods shall be employed such that all HVAC system components must be Visibly
Clean as defined in applicable industry standards. Upon completion, all components must be
returned to those settings recorded just prior to cleaning operations.
(E) Air-Volume Control Devices
Dampers and any air-directional mechanical devices inside the HVAC system must have their
position marked prior to cleaning and, upon completion, must be restored to their marked position.
(F) Service Openings
The contractor shall utilize service openings, as required for proper cleaning, at various points of
the HVAC system for physical and mechanical entry, and inspection.

GENERAL SYSTEM CLEANING REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL SYSTEM CLEANING REQUIREMENTS
(A) Containment
Debris removed during cleaning shall be collected and precautions must be taken to ensure that
Debris is not otherwise dispersed outside the HVAC system during the cleaning process.
(B) Particulate Collection
Where the Particulate Collection Equipment is exhausting inside the building, HEPA filtration with
99.97% collection efficiency for 0.3-micron size (or greater) particles shall be used. When the
Particulate Collection Equipment is exhausting outside the building, Mechanical Cleaning
operations shall be undertaken only with Particulate Collection Equipment in place, including
adequate filtration to contain Debris removed from the HVAC system. When the Particulate
Collection Equipment is exhausting outside the building, precautions shall be taken to locate the
equipment down wind and away from all air intakes and other points of entry into the building.

Figure 1is a graph

Figure 1is a graph of the energy cost data for the model kitchen described above in the three climate zones studied at all fractions of transfer air to exhaust airflow rates. Assumed average energy rates were used to demonstrate the energy cost relationships of the same system in different climates which is irrespective of the energy rate used. The highest energy costs are associated with 0% transfer air represent conditioning 100% of the exhaust replacement air. This is the type of system design this measure attempts to minimize. As the amount of transfer air is increased, the associated costs to condition excessive amounts of outside air are reduced.

The cost data for the Percent of Transfer

The cost data for the Percent of Transfer equal to 80% corresponds to the space cooling supply airflow of  2,000 cfm. It is noted that the transfer percentages greater than 80% may produce more annual savings and remains a design option. Higher amounts of transfer air than the percent of {Cooling CFM/Exhaust CFM} requires that the makeup air unit have the ability to use return air. A unit with the ability to use return air may be more expensive and complicated to control than a 100% outdoor air unit, the cost of which would offset the marginal economic benefit of using more transfer air. This system design option is allowed by the proposed code. The case where 100% of the exhaust air replacement is available as transfer air allows the designer to use a recirculating conditioning unit without any outside air. This type of system is allowed by the code although it does use slightly more energy than a system using some outside air. This increased energy for 100% transfer systems is attributed to the loss of any free economizer cooling of which there are many available hours in California. The transfer air percentage equal to {Cooling CFM/Exhaust CFM} appears to be a reasonable limitation for all California climate zones to take maximum advantage of economizer cooling with relatively simple and inexpensive equipment and equipment controls

The study used an average energy

The study used an average energy cost of $0.15. Simple payback calculations used this average energy cost applied to the measured energy savings but did not include maintenance costs or the energy savings associated with heating or cooling makeup air. The shortest payback periods were associated with new construction installations and installations with high fan horsepower systems and high cooking demand diversity. New construction is typically less costly than retrofit installations because of the complexities associated with retrofits. Systems with high horsepower motors and high demand diversity experience the largest savings because of extended periods when large fan systems operate at lower speeds under low cooking demand.  Figure 5 below demonstrates the daily electrical power demand for an exhaust fan for one of the hotels installations. The BLACK curve shows the power used by this fan which operates 24 hours per day without any speed control. The RED curve shows the power required when the fan was modulated to the cooking demand under the hood. The GREEN line is the daily average of the RED curve and represents a 46% reduction in daily power demand.

Example of an Exhaust Fan

Figure 5: Example of an Exhaust Fan Daily Power Demand With and Without DCV
The longest payback period of all the study sites is associated with the El Pollo facility which is attributed to the project being a retrofit installation of a low fan horsepower system and low diversity. This facility had relative little cooking demand diversity associated throughout a typical operating day as shown in Figure 6. However, a DCV system did save enough energy through reduce fan power alone to pay for the system in a reasonable time period. If conditioned makeup air savings were included then the payback is conceivably less.

Kitchen Ventilation

Kitchen Ventilation – Conditioned Makeup Air Limitation Page 22
2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards September 2011
Table 7 below includes the annual energy savings using this average cost. Also, included are adjusted installation cost estimates assuming the same installations were new construction and performed in a time when the technology is more mature and prevalent in the market due to code requirements and natural market growth. Annual maintenance costs were estimated with the assistance of a vendors and contractors as the product of 30 minutes of service at $100/hr performed quarterly. The simple payback periods for all installations in the case study including maintenance and reduced installation costs are less than 9.1  years.

4.5.2 Measure 2: Type I

4.5.2 Measure 2: Type I Exhaust Hood Airflow Limitations The total energy and energy cost savings potential for this measure are 0.78 W/SF, and 4.21 kWh/SF. Applying these unit estimates to the statewide estimate of new construction of  2.314 million square feet per year results in first year statewide energy savings of 1.803 MW, and 9.74 GWh.
4.5.3 Measure 3: Makeup and Transfer Air Requirements The total energy and energy cost savings potential for this measure are 1.37 W/SF, 8.02 kWh/SF, and 0.08 therms/SF. Applying these unit estimates to the statewide estimate of new construction of  2.314 million square feet per year results in first year statewide energy savings of 3.18 MW, 18.55 GWh, and 192,150 therms.
4.5.4 Measure 4: Commercial Kitchen System Efficiency Options The total energy and energy cost savings potential for this measure are 5.36 W/SF, and 31.11 kWh/SF. Applying these unit estimates to the statewide estimate of new construction of  2.314 million square feet per year results in first year statewide energy savings of 12.41 MW, 72.0 GWh, and 741,600 therms.

holder Input

Stakeholder Input To the extent possible, explain the key issues discussed and key concerns raised by stakeholders.
5.1 Measure 1: Direct Replacement of Exhaust Air Limitation No issues were raised in Stakeholder meetings regarding this measure.
5.2 Measure 2: Type I Exhaust Hood Airflow Limitations No issues were raised in Stakeholder meetings regarding this measur

Figure 2: Design Option 1

Figure 2: Design Option 1: Makeup Air Equals Cooling CFM
Figure 2 illustrates the system described in the scenario above where the kitchen cooling load is 2,000 cfm and is provided by a dedicated makeup air unit that does not recirculate any air. The balance of makeup air is provided from the Dining area zone. The unit serving the Dining unit brings in outside air to satisfy the Dining zone ventilation requirements. General exhaust requirement such as bathrooms only exhaust 2,500 cfm of the total ventilation 5,500 cfm. 3,000 cfm of air would other have to be relieved from the space. By transferring this air resource into the kitchen, energy is conserved from otherwise conditioning more outside air. Kitchen ventilation requirements are provided by the kitchen unit

Rust, Warping

Rust, Warping of Roof Decking, and Deterioration of Roof System

In a moist environment, rust can form on metal components like nails and fasteners, which can eventually weaken and fail. Warped roof decking can occur after excessive moisture seeps into the roof decking and dissolves the adhesives that hold them together. The decking warps or sags between the rafters. Deterioration of the roof system, including the underlayment and shingles can be caused by excessive heat and moisture not being vented out of the attic.

Mildew or Mold

Mildew or Mold

Mold and Mildew growing on the underside of a roof.
Mold and Mildew growing on the underside of a roof.
A humid environment is the perfect place for mildew or mold to grow. Mold growth in attics causes a health risk for the people living in the home, and can cause deterioration of the interior building components.

Proper ventilation reduces moisture build up and minimizes the opportunity for mold to grow, which prolongs the life of your home’s building components and reduces health impacts.

The first

The first is through a methodology known as "vapor dissemination." Water vapor commonly moves from high to low moistness conditions –such as from the living space to the loft. The energy of vapor dissemination is great to the point that dampness will even go through sheet rock and vapor boundaries intended to retard this procedure.

The second route is via air traveling through openings cut into the building envelope. Such openings are basic and incorporate recessed lighting apparatuses and storage room hatches. On the off chance that lavatory or kitchen fans are not appropriately ducted to the outside, the relocation of dampness to the loft is more purp

Two guilty parties

Two guilty parties cause the greater part of the building-solidness and wellbeing issues connected with disgraceful loft ventilation –moisture and heat.

Dampness

Dampness is made inside a home each one time somebody scrubs down, cooks, does dishes, or does clothing. Dampness from these exercises will quite often go to the storage room. Damp air is attracted to the loft in two ways.

In the event

In the event that you have worries about your home, we propose asking an expert to assess your home's ventilation framework. This assessment is an essential piece of a vitality review.

Upper room ventilation is reasonably economically to do effectively, even in a retrofit connection. A decent mantra, particularly regarding the matter of your home's capability to vent dampness and hotness, is that "an ounce of anticipation is worth a pound of cure."

How the Clean Air Act Reduces

How the Clean Air Act Reduces Air Pollution Such as Particle Pollution and Ground-level Ozone

First, EPA works with state governors and tribal government leaders to identify "nonattainment" areas where the air does not meet allowable limits for a common air pollutant. States and tribes usually do much of the planning for cleaning up common air pollutants. They develop plans, called State/Tribal Implementation Plans, to reduce air pollutants to allowable levels. Then they use a permit system as part of their plan to make sure power plants, factories, and other pollution sources meet their goals to clean up the air.

your home

If you have concerns about your home, we recommend asking a professional to evaluate your home’s ventilation system. This evaluation is a basic part of an energy audit.

Attic ventilation is fairly inexpensively to do correctly, even in a retrofit context. A good mantra, especially when it comes to your home’s ability to vent moisture and heat, is that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Two culprits

Two culprits cause most of the building-durability and health problems associated with improper attic ventilation –moisture and heat.

Moisture

Moisture is created inside a home each time someone takes a shower, cooks, does dishes, or does laundry. Moisture from these activities will almost always make its way to the attic. Moist air is drawn to the attic in two ways.

The first is through a process known as “vapor diffusion.” Water vapor naturally migrates from high to low humidity conditions –such as from the living space to the attic. The force of vapor diffusion is so great that moisture will even travel through sheet rock and vapor barriers designed to retard this process.

The second way is by air moving through openings cut into the building envelope. Such openings are common and include recessed lighting fixtures and attic hatches. If bathroom or kitchen fans are not properly ducted to the outside, the migration of moisture to the attic is more pronounced.

Weather

Weather and the lay of the land (for example, hills around a valley, high mountains between a big industrial city and suburban or rural areas) help determine where ground-level ozone goes and how bad it gets. When temperature inversions occur (warm air stays trapped near the ground by a layer of cooler air) and winds are calm, high concentrations of groundlevel ozone may persist for days at a time. As traffic and other sources add more ozone-forming pollutants to the air, the ground-level ozone gets worse.

two types of chemicals

The two types of chemicals that are the main ingredients in forming ground-level ozone are called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). VOCs are released by cars burning gasoline, petroleum refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and other industrial facilities. The solvents used in paints and other consumer and business products contain VOCs. The 1990 Clean Air Act has resulted in changes in product formulas to reduce the VOC content of those products. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced when cars and other sources like power plants and industrial boilers burn fuels such as gasoline, coal, or oil. The reddish-brown color you sometimes see when it is smoggy comes from the nitrogen oxides.

Ground-level Ozone

Ground-level Ozone

Ground-level ozone is a primary component of smog. Ground-level ozone can cause human health problems and damage forests and agricultural crops. Repeated exposure to ozone can make people more susceptible to respiratory infections and lung inflammation. It also can aggravate pre-existing respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Children are at risk from ozone pollution because they are outside, playing and exercising, during the summer days when ozone levels are at their highest. They also can be more susceptible because their lungs are still developing. People with asthma and even active healthy adults, such as construction workers, can experience a reduction in lung function and an increase in respiratory symptoms (chest pain and coughing) when exposed to low levels of ozone during periods of moderate exertion.

Clean Air Act

Before the 1990 Clean Air Act went into effect, EPA set limits on airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter called PM10. These are tiny particles (seven of these particles lined up next to each other would cover a distance no wider than a human hair). Research has shown that even smaller particles (1/4 the size of a PM10 particle) are more likely to harm our health. So in 1997, EPA published limits for fine particles, called PM2.5. To reduce particle levels, additional controls are being required on a variety of sources including power plants and diesel trucks.

Fine particles

Fine particles can remain suspended in the air and travel long distances with the wind. For example, over 20 percent of the particles that form haze in the Rocky Mountains National Park have been estimated to come from hundreds of miles away.

Particles also make buildings, statues and other outdoor structures dirty. Trinity Church in downtown New York City was black until a few years ago, when cleaning off almost 200 years worth of soot brought the church's stone walls back to their original light pink color.

EPA scientists

EPA scientists and other health experts are concerned about particle pollution because very small or "fine" particles can get deep into the lungs. These fine particles, by themselves, or in combination with other air pollutants, can cause increased emergency room visits and hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, and tens of thousands of deaths each year. They can aggravate asthma, cause acute respiratory symptoms such as coughing, reduce lung function resulting in shortness of breath, and cause chronic bronchitis

Ventilation

Ventilation, which means totally hygienic inside air, is a basic requirement for living in a healthy house.

Ventilation – health aspects

Since the early 1980s there has been much discussion about Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This refers to allergic disorders, and even illness symptoms, which frequently occur in certain buildings and rooms. This can lead to chronic illness, reducing the person’s ability to work and function in general. This, in turn, results not only in the individual losing his or her quality of life, but it also has a major detrimental impact on the economy and incurs huge costs. Basically, the following potential risks jeopardising people’s health are to be found inside buildings:

• Toxic pollution caused by harmful chemical substances and dust.
• Effects of noise, light, odours, dampness and climate.
• Accumulation of microbes (bacteria, viruses, mould) in terms of infection risks.
• Exposure to allergens.

Ridge Ventilator

Ridge Ventilator

ACI Ridge Ventilator is extremely efficient and requires minimum maintenance. This ventilator is perfect for environments such as factories, as it exchanges the air between the inside and the outside, allowing for coolness and fresh air. The unique design blends in perfectly with different buildings and structures; this can be attributed to its simple likeable design.

ACI Ridge Ventilator takes maximum advantage of natural stack action, which is a result of temperature difference between the inside and outside of the factory causing pressure variations resulting in air movement. Heat from plant personnel and also solar heat radiating through the roof and walls warm the inside air which rises and flows out of the building through the ACI Ridge Ventilator.

It is for this reason that the ACI Ridge Ventilator should be mounted on the ridge of a stopping structure or above areas of concentrated heat on flat roofed buildings. The hot air is then replaced by fresh air, which must be allowed to enter the building through openings at its base.

ACI Ridge Ventilator provides continuous natural ventilation with effective weather protection, under normal weather conditions. The vent ridge is designed to effectively remove heat, smoke and fumes on an ongoing basis from factories and industrial buildings.

Industrial Ventilators

Industrial Ventilators
We are one of the leading manufacturers of Industrial Ventilators, which are very easy to install and economical. Industrial Ventilators are in high demand in industries because they make the environment clean by removing all the harmful pollutants. These industrial ventilators reduce and winter moisture damage and cuts air conditioning cost. These have Teflon self lubricated bearing to ensure durability and friction free turning.

Features :

• Helps prolong life of insulation, shingles, roofing material and rafters
• Precision balanced, low inertia head design, turns in the slightest breeze
• Smooth and quite operations
• Attractive low profile design
• Ribbed design adds strength
• High speed limiting device protects against high wind and to shed water

Roof Turbo Ventilators

Roof Turbo Ventilators
We offer our clients an extensive range of Roof Turbo Ventilators, which provide safe, healthier and more controlled work environment. These ventilators ensure good health of workers by removing harmful industrial emissions and machinery heat. Widely used in industries, Rooftop Turbine Ventilators are non corrosive and environment friendly.

Features :

• Non corrosive
• Galvanized mild aluminum
• Vertical cowl
• High efficiency
• Adjustable pitch aerofoil axial impeller

Wind Ventilators

Wind Ventilators

We are one of the renowned manufacturers of Wind Turbo Ventilator that find application in industrial warehouses and industries. We make use of high grade raw materials to ensure that Wind Turbine Ventilators are highly efficient and non-corrosive. These ventilators have low maintenance cost and can be customized as per the requirements of clients.

Features :

• Resistant to stress
• Resistant to high temperatures
• Resistant to high speed of wind
• Efficient even without fast blowing wind
• Environment friendly

ACI Air Vent Benefits

ACI Air Vent Benefits

• As the Polluted air is replaced by fresh air, people working inside will be active and healthy & their productivity will be increased.
• Proper air ventilation will enhance the life of the roof sheet, structures, wall etc by removing accumulated heat, humidity (dampness) and polluted air.
• ACI vents saves total electricity used for power exhaust system. Round the clock it works without any expenditure.
• One unit saved is two units produced, you are saving your nation.
• 80% depreciation allowed as per IT act section 32.

colorful wallpaper

“for a colorful wallpaper, though, and let the wallpaper do all the work. Just make sure you have good ventilation if you have a shower in your bathroom, so that the paper does not peel off the walls.”

“neutral. Stick to a plain shower curtain if you go for a colorful wallpaper, though, and let the wallpaper do all the work. Just make sure you havegood ventilation if you have a shower in your bathroom, so that the paper does not peel off the walls. 8. Make it functional. Wall-hung or pedestal sinks are always”

“neutral. Stick to a plain shower curtain if you go for a colorful wallpaper, though, and let the wallpaper do all the work. Just make sure you havegood ventilation if you have a shower in your bathroom, so that the paper does not peel off the walls. 8. Make it functional. Wall-hung or pedestal sinks are”

vacuum

A Hepa filtered vacuum air handling machine will be employed to exhaust contaminants from the ductwork as they are removed from the ductwork surfaces by traditional compressed air and hand vacuuming.

Ventilation

Ventilation cleaning is carried out in accordance with the guidelines set down by the HVCA, in their guide to good practice for the cleaning of ventilation systems.

The below guidelines were enforced after the legislation (workplace health and safety and welfare regulations 1992) and the supporting approved code of practice and guidance L24 states that the mechanical ventilation systems )including air conditioning systems) should be regularly and properly cleaned, tested and maintained to ensure that they are kept clean and free from anything which may contaminate the air. This applies to workplaces old and new.

System Inspection

System Inspection

The duct system must be inspected before the duct cleaning is performed. The inspection is necessary to identify any access problems, or any damaged or contaminated ductwork.

General structural condition of the system can also be assessed at this time.

Inspection should be performed when the area is unoccupied and the HVAC system is turned off. Drop cloths should be used to protect occupied areas.

Planning the Job

Planning the Job

Planning a duct-cleaning job requires the use of accurate mechanical drawings of the duct system.

Drawings serve as a valuable planning tool and a map for the job itself. Drawings are used to identify coils, turning vanes, access points, and to establish cleaning zones. Duct cleaning is generally performed in zones of about 25' (7.6m) or less.

Some types of duct cannot be cleaned using these the cleaning methods described here. Uncleanable types of duct should be identified at this stage. They will need to be removed and replaced. (Most flexible duct and certain lined ductwork cannot be cleaned without damaging the ducting.)

Safety Equipment

Safety Equipment:

Safety equipment includes scaffolds and work platforms (working from ladders can be dangerous), lockout-tagout equipment, eye protection, breathing protection and cut-resistant gloves.

Fogging Equipment

Fogging Equipment:

Frequently it is desirable to apply a sanitizing solution to the newly cleaned ductwork, to kill any residual bacteria or other pollutants. This is accomplished using a portable electric-powered fogging device. Many models are available.

Duct-Isolation Equipment

Duct-Isolation Equipment:

Inflatable air bladders are used to isolate sections of duct for cleaning, as well as to protect previously cleaned sections of duct from recontamination. They are available in a range of sizes to fit most ducts. Portable electric inflators are available that make inflation of the bladders easy and quick.

Air cleaners

Air cleaners

According to the EPA, a good air filter with a HEPA filter can remove particles such as dust, smoke and allergy triggers. But air cleaners aren’t efficient at removing gases. They are not a substitute for fresh air circulation

Additional Opportunities

Additional Opportunities

In addition to cleaning HVAC systems, duct cleaning equipment can be put to work in other areas. One application which is a recurring need is clothes dryer vents. Cleaning dryer vents helps prevent fires in the vent systems.

Another need for duct cleaning is in manufacturing facilities that use dust-collection systems and fume hoods. Some duct cleaners have even been used for cleaning grease hoods in commercial kitchens.

With over 30% of all office buildings, factories and public facilities suffering from IAQ problems, there is no end in sight for the need for duct cleaners and duct-cleaning services.

Lead

Until the late 1970s, lead was a common additive in house paint, gasoline and plumbing fixtures. Today, we know that even low exposures to lead can cause problems for the nervous system, kidneys, blood, and mental and physical development. Though today's health standards are stronger, lead from decades ago remains in our homes and environment.

Spot exhaust fans

Spot exhaust fans

Spot exhaust fans draw air away from the source and vent it to the outdoors. Sometimes, these are the only vents that exchange air with the outdoors. They can be useful to get air moving throughout the house, if doors to the kitchen or bathroom are left open and fans running.

• Look for exhaust fans in your bathroom, over the kitchen stove  and in laundry rooms.
• Be sure the vents lead to outdoors, and not into an attic or crawl space.
• Be sure the vents are clean and unblocked both indoors and where they release air outdoors.
• Test fans to see if they are working well enough to draw air out.
  
• Be sure to turn them on when you wash or cook!

How do I know I need better ventilation?

How do I know I need better ventilation?

• If cooking scents and odors tend to linger
• If  you smell mold or mildew in closets or walls
• If your eyes get irritated indoors
• If you notice condensation on the inside of your windows or on cold surfaces

Vent

Fans and vents

Fans and vents draw stale air out of your home or bring fresh air into your home. Making sure that air is circulating will prevent mold and mildew, ease allergies and asthma, keep you safe from pollutants, and protect your home from damage

Between smoke, dust, vapors and cleaning product residue, indoor air is often 2-5  times worse than outdoor air. Because we spend 90% of our time indoors, good ventilation is essential to good health. Children are particularly vulnerable because their lungs are still developing and they breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults.  In addition to reducing sources of air pollutants, good ventilation is important to ensure healthy air

But first, a lot of people may be wondering, should a "green" home require mechanical ventilation? A lot of people might think that this is just the kind of energy-consuming system that homes should be getting away from—while cracking windows for fresh air.

Health.
"One out of six people who suffer from allergies do so because of the direct relationship to fungi and bacteria in air duct systems." (Total Health & Better Health Magazine)